Answer:- To compare different parts, we use the LIKE operator, which functions as a database’s regex engine.

Answer:- The user will use SELECT DISTINCT to select distinct values from a database table.

Answer:- The keyword ORDER BY is used to sort the data.. It returns the sorted results to your program.

Answer:- The COUNT keyword is used to find the total number of records in a table.

Answer:- The keyword GROUP BY is an aggregate function like SUM, MULTIPLE, and so on, and without it, the sum for each individual group value cannot be determined.

Answer:- Oracle has several modes for shutting down the database 1. Normal Mode: In normal mode the database is shut down by default. It can be used when no other clause is provided. the database waits for all currently linked users to detach from the database before shutting it down and no new connections are permitted once the statement is released. The command line is SHUTDOWN NORMAL 2. Transactional Mode: Transactional mode helps to shut down the database while allowing to complete the active transactions. In this process, no new connections are allowed and this mode waits for all transactions to finish before shutting down the database. Use this command line to shut down the database SHUTDOWN TRANSACTIONAL 3. Immediate Mode: When you know a power outage is coming up fast, then you can use immediate mode. All sessions will be disconnected, all running transactions will be rolled back, the database does not wait for existing database users to disconnect until proceeding and the database will be shut down. No instance recovery is needed during this next startup. Issue the command SHUTDOWN with an IMMEDIATE clause to shut down a database immediately. SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE 4. Abort Mode: When you want to shut down the database immediately within seconds without any active transactions then you can use this abort method. Hereafter the statement has been released, no new connections or transactions are permitted to be initiated. The Oracle database automatically terminates all current client SQL statements and does not wait for existing database users to disconnect. Transactions that have not been committed will not roll back. All linked users are automatically disconnected by the database. Use the command SHUTDOWN with ABORT clause: SHUTDOWN ABORT

Answer:- In ORDBMS, the objects can be stored as they are. The language of the DBMS can be integrated with an object-oriented programming language. The language may even be exactly the same as that used in the application, which does not force the programmer to have two representations of his objects.

Answer:- As an Oracle DBA, we have to carry out the following tasks: • Installing Oracle software • Creating Oracle databases • Performing upgrades of the database and software to new release levels • Starting up and shutting down the database • Managing the database’s storage structures • Managing users and security • Managing schema objects, such as tables, indexes, and views • Making database backups and performing recovery when necessary • Proactively monitoring the database’s health and taking preventive or corrective actions as required • Monitoring and tuning performance In a small-to-midsize database environment, a single DBA might be the sole person performing all these tasks. In large enterprise environments, the whole job is often divided among several DBAs titled as Database Security Administrator or Database Tuning Expert, each with his/her own area of specialties.

Answer:- Following are some of the products, tools, and utilities we use in achieving our goals as a Database Administrator: • Oracle Universal Installer (OUI): The Oracle Universal Installer installs the Oracle software and options. It can automatically launch the Database Configuration Assistant to install a database. • Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA): The Database Configuration Assistant creates a database from the templates that are supplied by Oracle, or we can create our own templates. In this case, it enables us to copy a preconfigured seed database, thus saving the time and effort of customizing and generating a database from scratch. • Database Upgrade Assistant: This tool guides us through the upgrading of our existing database to a new Oracle release. • Oracle Net Manager: This tool guides us through our Oracle network configuration. • Oracle Enterprise Manager: The primary tool for managing our database is Oracle Enterprise Manager, a web-based interface. Once we install the Oracle software, create or upgrade a database, and configure the network, we can use Oracle Enterprise Manager as the single interface for managing our database. In addition, Oracle Enterprise Manager also provides an interface for performance advisors and an interface for Oracle utilities such as SQL*Loader and Recovery Manager.

Answer:- Clustering is one technology used to create a grid infrastructure. Simple clusters have static resources for specific applications by specific owners. Grids, which can consist of multiple clusters, are dynamic resource pools shareable among many different applications and users. A grid does not assume that all servers in it are running the same set of applications. Applications can be scheduled and migrated across servers in the grid. Grids share resources from and among independent system owners. At the highest level, the idea of grid computing is computing as a utility. In other words, we need not care where our data resides or which computer processes our request. We should be able to request information or computation and have it delivered as per our requirement. This is analogous to the way the electric utilities work; without knowing where the generator is or how the electric grid is wired, we just ask for electricity and we get it. The goal is to make computing a utility, a commodity, and ubiquitous. Hence the name ‘Grid’. This perspective of utility computing is, of course, a ‘client-side’ view. From the ‘server-side’ (or behind the scenes), the grid is about resource allocation, information sharing, and high availability. Resource allocation ensures that all those, who request resources, are getting what they need and that those resources are not standing idle while requests go unserviced. Information sharing makes sure that the information, the users and applications need, is available as and when it is requested for. High availability features guarantee that all the data and computation are always available as a utility.

Answer:- The Oracle Grid architecture pools large numbers of servers, storage, and networks into a flexible, on-demand computing resource for enterprise computing needs. The grid computing infrastructure continually analyzes the demand for resources and adjusts the supply accordingly. For example, we can run different applications on a grid of several linked database servers. When reports are due at the end of the month, the Database Administrator can automatically provision more servers to that application to handle the increased demand. Grid computing uses sophisticated workload management that makes it possible for applications to share resources across many servers. Data processing capacity can be added or removed on demand, and resources within a location can be dynamically provisioned. Web services can quickly integrate applications to create new business processes.

Answer:- You can start up a database using three tools: 1. SQL *Plus: To startup an Oracle database instance, you can use the SQL *Plus startup command. 2. Oracle Enterprise Manager: It is a system management tool, you can startup the Oracle database with Oracle enterprise manager also. It provides an integrated solution for managing your heterogeneous environment. Even if the database is stopped you can still log in to OEM. It will present you with the Startup button by detecting the status of the down database. 3. Recovery Manager: RMAN is also known as the RMAN repository that is connected with the TARGET keyword which is also a database on which RMAN performs backup and recovery operations in the control file of the database.

Answer:- An SQL script can also be used to build a database. I will include the following in this script: • The database’s name • The SYS user’s password. • The Device user’s password. • At least three redo log classes are available online. In my view, each redo log group should have at least two members. • The database’s character set and national character set. • SYSTEM and SYSAUX tablespace locations and sizes. These tablespaces will be used to store device information. • As the database’s default tablespace, I will define a normal tablespace. • I’d specify a temporary tablespace to use as the database’s default temporary tablespace. • I’d build an undo tablespace.

Answer:- This is the basic syntax that is used to find out the indexes for a table in Oracle. SELECT owner, index_name, tablespace_name, status Set pages Break on table_name on index_name column table_name column index_name column column_name select table_name, index_name, column_name from dba_ind_columns where table_owner order by table_name, index_name column_position