Answer:- 1. This first digit indicates the major database version and it describes the nature of release. Oracle releases a new release every four years on average. For example: Oracle 9i (internet), Oracle 10g (grid), Oracle 11g (grid), Oracle 12c (cloud). 2. The second digit represents the software’s maintenance release number. Oracle releases the major update as maintenance release 1 and then follows up with a second maintenance release later in the software’s lifecycle. With maintenance releases, new features are introduced to database software. For example: Oracle 12c release 1; Oracle 12c release 2. 3. Fusion Middleware Number is the third digit. This will be 0 for database software. 4. This fourth digit is called Component-Specific Release Number And a component release level is identified by the fourth digit. Depending on component patch sets or temporary releases, different components can have different numbers in this role. Example: 12.1.0.1; 12.1.0.2; 12.2.1.1 5. A platform- specific release is identified by the fifth digit. This is usually a patch kit. this digit will be the same across all affected platforms when different platforms need the same patch package. Example: GA release (initial release-no patch): 12.2.0.1.0

Answer:- Syntax for creating sequence: CREATE SEQUENCE schema_name. sequence_name [INCREMENT BY interval] [START WITH first_number] [MAXVALUE max_value | NOMAXVALUE] [MINVALUE min_value | NOMINVALUE] [CYCLE | NOCYCLE ] [CACHE cache_size | NOCACHE] [ORDER |NOORDER]; While creating a sequence, Use the CREATE SEQUENCE command and add a sequence_name and that should be unique. The next increment by is used to show how much the sequence will increment at each move. Then using START WITH, we start the sequence either in ascending or descending. And MAXVALUE, NOMAXVALUE are maximum limits. with max value we can provide the maximum sequence value whereas nomax value is fixed, 10^27 for ascending sequence or -1 for descending sequence. MINVALUE is to specify the minimum value of sequence. NOMINVALUE is fixed. For an ascending sequence it indicates a minimum value of 1 and -10^26 for a descending sequence. To allow the sequence to generate value after it reaches the limit, then use CYCLE which is the minimum value for a descending sequence and max value for an ascending sequence. NOCYCLE is a default and it will be used when the sequence reaches the limit and you want to stop generating the next value. And ORDER ensures that oracle generates sequence numbers in the order in which they are requested. if you don’t want Oracle to generate sequence numbers in the order of your requests, use NOORDER. This is a default setting.

Answer:- Multiple database context processes are possible. In the operating system, they are referred to as “DBWn.” This method is in charge of storing “dirty” buffers on disc. When a server process has to update a data block, it first reads it from disc into the buffer cache if it isn’t already there, and then updates the cache copy. So, a “dirty” block refers to a modified database block in the buffer cache.

Answer:- • DISPATCHERS: In the shared server architecture, configures dispatcher processes. • MAX _DISPATCHERS: The maximum number of dispatcher processes that can run at the same time is defined. • SHARED_SERVERS: There will be a minimum of shared server processes on the server. This number of shared servers is determined during the initialization process. • MAX_SHARED_SERVERS: The maximum number of shared server processes that can run at the same time is determined by this parameter. • SHARED_SERVER SESSIONS: This is the only required parameter for using shared servers and it defines the maximum number of concurrent sessions that can be used for shared server connection. • CIRCUITS: The maximum number of virtual circuits that can exist in the system is determined by this parameter.

Answer:- In the database, FLASHBACK_TRANSACTION_QUERY shows all information about flashback transaction queries. SELECT * FROM flashback_transaction_query WHERE TABLE_NAME AND table_owner and operation order by start_timestamp desc

Answer:- These are the few commands that can be used to view in oracle • V$Parameter • V$Database • V$Instance • V$Datafiles • V$controlfiles • V$logfiles

Answer:- SQL • A single query or command execution • A data source for reports, web pages, etc. • Declarative in nature • Manipulating data PL/SQL • A full programming language • An application language to build, format, and display reports, web pages, etc. • Procedural in nature • Creating applications

Answer:- Oracle PL/SQL is a procedural language that has both interactive SQL and procedural programming language constructs such as iteration and conditional branching.

Answer:- PL/SQL uses a block structure as its basic structure. Anonymous blocks or nested blocks can be used in PL/SQL.

Answer:- A trigger is a database object that automatically executes in response to some events on the tables or views. It is used to apply the integrity constraint to database objects. A PL/SQL program unit associated with a particular database table is called a database trigger. It is used for: • Audit data modifications • Log events transparently • Enforce complex business rules • Maintain replica tables • Derive column values • Implement complex security authorizations Any constant, variable, or parameter has a data type depending on which the storage constraints, format, and range of values and operations are determined.

Answer:- There are various kinds of data types present in PL/SQL. They are: 1. Scalar: The scalar data type is a one-dimensional data type with no internal components. CHAR, DATE, LONG, VARCHAR2, NUMBER, and BOOLEAN are some examples of the scalar data type. 2. Composite: The composite data type is made up of different data types that are easy to update and have internal components that can be utilized and modified together. For instance, RECORD, TABLE, VARRAY, and so on. 3. Reference: The reference data type stores pointers, which are values that relate to other programs or data elements. REF CURSOR is an example of the reference data type. 4. Large Object: The large object data type stores locators, which define the location of large items stored out of line such as video clips, graphic images, and so on. BLOB, BFILE, CLOB, and NCLOB are examples of the large object data type.

Answer:- There are three basic parts of a trigger. They are: • A triggering statement or event • A restriction • An action

Answer:- Syntax checking, binding, and P-code generation are all part of the compilation process. Syntax checking looks for compilation issues in PL/SQL code. After all mistakes have been fixed, the data holding variables are given a storage address. This process is referred to as binding. The PL/SQL engine’s P-code is a set of instructions. For named blocks, P-code is saved in the database and used the next time it is run.

Answer:- A join is a query that combines rows from two or more tables, views, or materialized views. A join is performed by the Oracle Database whenever there are multiple tables in the FROM clause of the query. Most of these queries contain at least one join condition, either in the FROM or WHERE clause.