Answer:- All networks across devices are assigned a number which is unique, which is termed as MAC or Machine Access Control address. This address may be a personal mail box on the net. The network router identifies it. the amount may be modified anytime.All devices get their distinctive information processing address so they can be located easily on a given laptop and network. Whoever is aware of your distinctive information processing address will contact you through it.

Answer:- SSL is identity verification, not hard encryption. it’s designed to be able to prove that the person you’re engaging on the other side is who they say they are. SSL and TLS are each used by almost everyone online, however because of this it is a huge target and is mainly attacked through its implementation (The Heartbleed bug for example) and its far-famed methodology.

Answer:- Cryptography aids to secure information from third parties who are called adversaries. It allows only the sender and the recipient to access the data securely.

Answer:- Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool. It helps track the route taken by a packet that is sent across the IP network. It shows the IP addresses of all the routers it pinged between the source and the destination. Uses: • It shows the time taken by the packet for each hop during the transmission. • When the packet is lost during the transmission, the traceroute will identify where the point of failure is.

Answer:- A firewall is a network security device/system, which blocks malicious traffic such as hackers, worms, malware, and viruses to maintain data privacy. Uses: • It monitors the incoming and outgoing network traffic. It permits or allows only data packets that agree to the set of security rules. • It acts as a barrier between the internal network and the incoming traffic from external sources like the Internet.

Answer:- It is a process that happens in a TCP/IP network when you make a connection between a local host and the server. It is a three-step process to negotiate acknowledgment and synchronization of packets before communication starts. Step 1: The client makes a connection with the server with SYN. Step 2: The server responds to the client request with SYN+ACK. Step 3: The client acknowledges the server’s response with ACK, and the actual data transmission begins.

Answer:- HTTP response codes indicate a server’s response when a client makes a request to the server. It shows whether an HTTP request is completed or not. 1xx: Informational The request is received, and the process is continuing. Some example codes are: • 100 (continue) • 101 (switching protocol) • 102 (processing) • 103 (early hints) 2xx: Success The action is received, understood, and accepted successfully. A few example codes for this are: • 200 (OK) • 202 (accepted) • 205 (reset content) • 208 (already reported) 3xx: Redirection To complete the request, further action is required to take place. Example codes: • 300 (multiple choice) • 302 (found) • 308 (permanent redirect) 4xx: Client Error The request has incorrect syntax, or it is not fulfilled. Here are the example codes for this: • 400 (bad request) • 403 (forbidden) • 404 (not found) 5xx: Server Error The server fails to complete a valid request. Example codes for this are: • 500 (internal server error) • 502 (bad gateway) • 511 (network authentication required)

Answer:- CIA Triad is a security model to ensure IT security. CIA stands for confidentiality, integrity, and availability. • Confidentiality: To protect sensitive information from unauthorized access. • Integrity: To protect data from deletion or modification by an unintended person. • Availability: To confirm the availability of the data whenever needed.

Answer:- Here is a list of common cyberattacks aimed at inflicting damage to a system. 1. Man in the Middle attack: The attacker puts himself in the communication between the sender and the receiver. This is done to eavesdrop and impersonate to steal data. 2. Phishing: Here, the attacker will act as a trusted entity to perform malicious activities such as getting usernames, passwords, and credit card numbers. 3. Rogue Software: It is a fraudulent attack where the attacker fakes a virus on the target device and offers an anti-virus tool to remove the malware. This is done to install malicious software into the system. 4. Malware: Malware is software that is designed to attack the target system. The software can be a virus, worm, ransomware, spyware, and so on. 5. Drive-by Downloads: The hacker takes advantage of the lack of updates on the OS, app, or browser, which automatically downloads malicious code to the system. 6. DDoS: This is done to overwhelm the target network with massive traffic, making it impossible for the website or the service to be operable. 7. Malvertising: Malvertising refers to the injections of maleficent code to legitimate advertising networks, which redirect users to unintended websites. 8. Password Attacks: As the name suggests, here, the cyber hacker cracks credentials like passwords.

Answer:- Data leakage means the unauthorized transmission of data from an organization to an external recipient. The mode of transmission can be electronic, physical, web, email, mobile data, and storage devices, such as USB keys, laptops, and optical media. Types of data leakage: Accidental leakage: The authorized entity sends data to an unauthorized entity accidentally. Malicious insiders: The authorized entity intentionally sends data to an unauthorized entity. Electronic communication: Hackers make use of hacking tools to intrude the system.

Answer:- A port scan helps you determine the ports that are open, listening, or closed on a network. Administrators use this to test network security and the system’s firewall strength. For hackers, it is a popular reconnaissance tool to identify the weak point to break into a system. Some of the common basic port scanning techniques are: UDP Ping scan TCP connect TCP half-open Stealth scanning

Answer:- A brute force attack is a hack where the attacker tries to guess the target password by trial and error. It is mostly implemented with the help of automated software used to login with credentials. Here are some ways to prevent a brute force attack: Set a lengthy password Set a high-complexity password Set a limit for login failures

Answer:- • Hashing • A one-way function where you cannot decrypt the original message • Used to verify data • Used to send files, passwords, etc. and to search • Encryption • Encrypted data can be decrypted to the original text with a proper key • Used to transmit data securely • Used to transfer sensitive business information

Answer:- • Vulnerability Assessment (VA) • Identifies the vulnerabilities in a network • Tells how susceptible the network is • Conducted at regular intervals when there is a change in the system or network • Penetration Testing (PT) • Identifies vulnerabilities to exploit them to penetrate the system • Tells whether the detected vulnerability is genuine • Conducted annually when there are significant changes introduced into the system