Answer:- • Threat: A cyber security threat can cause potential harm to an organization’s assets by exploiting a vulnerability. It can be intentional or accidental. • Vulnerability: A vulnerability is a weakness or a gap in the security system that can be taken advantage of by a malicious hacker. • Risk: A risk happens when the threat exploits a vulnerability. It results in loss, destruction, or damage to the asset.

Answer:- To prevent identity theft, you can take the following measures: 1. Protect your personal records. 2. Avoid online sharing of confidential information. 3. Protect your Social Security Number. 4. Use strong passwords, and change them at regular intervals. 5. Do not provide your bank information on untrustworthy websites. 6. Protect your system with advanced firewall and spyware tools. 7. Keep your browsers, system, and software updated.

Answer:- • Black Hat Hackers A Black Hat Hacker uses his/her hacking skills to breach confidential data without permission. With the obtained data, the individual performs malicious activities such as injecting malware, viruses, and worms. • White Hat Hackers A White Hat Hacker uses his/her hacking skills to break into a system but with the permission of the respective organizations. They are professionals known as Ethical Hackers. They hack the system to identify its vulnerability and to fix it before a hacker takes advantage of it. • Grey Hat Hackers A Grey Hat Hacker has the characteristics of both a Black Hat Hacker and a White Hat Hacker. Here, the system is violated with no bad intention, but they do not have the essential permission to surf the system, so it might become a potential threat at any time.

Answer:- Patch management has to be done immediately once the updates to the software is released. All the network devices in the organization should get patch management in less than a month.

Answer:- BIOS being hardware, setting it up with a password locks the operating system. There are three ways to reset the BIOS password: 1. you need to unplug the PC and remove the CMOS battery in the cabinet for 15–30 minutes. Then, you can put it back. 2. You can use third-party software such as CmosPwd and Kiosk. 3. You can run the below commands from the MS-DOS prompt with the help of the debug tool. For this method to work, you need to have access to the OS installed.

Answer:- In the Man-in-the-Middle attack, the hacker eavesdrops on the communication between two parties. The individual then impersonates another person and makes the data transmission look normal for the other parties. The intent is to alter the data, steal personal information, or get login credentials for sabotaging communication. These are a few ways to prevent a MITM attack: 1. Public key pair based authentication 2. Virtual private network 3. Strong router login credentials 4. Implement a well-built Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) like firewalls. 5. Strong WEP/WPA encryption on access points

Answer:- Distributed denial-of-service attack overwhelms the target website, system, or network with huge traffic, more than the server’s capacity. The aim is to make the server/website inaccessible to its intended users. DDoS happens in the below two ways: Flooding attacks: This is the most commonly occurring type of DDoS attack. Flooding attacks stop the system when the server is accumulated with massive amounts of traffic that it cannot handle. The attacker sends packets continuously with the help of automated software. Crash attacks: This is the least common DDoS attack where the attacker exploits a bug in the targeted system to cause a system crash. It prevents legitimate users from accessing email, websites, banking accounts, and gaming sites. To prevent a DDoS attack, you have to: Configure firewalls and routers Recognize the spike in traffic Consider front-end hardware Empower the server with scalability and load balancing Use anti-DDoS software

Answer:- Cross-site scripting also known as XSS attack allows the attacker to pretend as a victim user to carry out the actions that the user can perform, in turn, stealing any of the user’s data. If the attacker can masquerade as a privileged victim user, one can gain full control over all the application’s data and functionality. Here, the attacker injects malicious client-side code into web services to steal information, run destructive code, take control of a user’s session, and perform a phishing scam. Here are the ways to prevent an XSS attack: Cross-check user’s input Sanitize HTML Employ anti-XSS tools Use encoding Check for regular updates of the software

Answer:- Address Resolution Protocol is a communication protocol of the network layer in the OSI model. Its function is to find the MAC address for the given IP address of the system. It converts the IPv4 address, which is 32-bit, into a 48-bit MAC address. How ARP works: It sends an ARP request that broadcasts frames to the entire network. All nodes on the network receive the ARP request. The nodes check whether the request matches with the ARP table to find the target’s MAC address. If it does not match, then the nodes silently discard the packet. If it matches, the target will send an ARP response back to the original sender via unicast.

Answer:- It refers to restricting users from accessing a set of services within the local area network. The main aim is to stop the source from providing access to destination nodes via ports. Since all applications run on the ports, it is necessary to block the ports to restrict unauthorized access, which might violate the security vulnerability in the network infrastructure.

Answer:- • Application Layer: NFS, NIS, SNMP, telnet, ftp, rlogin, rsh, rcp, RIP, RDISC, DNS, LDAP, and others • Transport Layer: TCP, SCTP, UDP, etc. • Internet: IPv4, ARP, ICMP, IPv6, etc. • Data Link Layer: IEEE 802.2, PPP, etc. • Physical Layer: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), FDDI, Token Ring, RS-232, and others

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Answer:- A botnet, which is also known as a robot network, is a malware that infects networks of computers and gets them under the control of a single attacker who is called a ‘bot herder.’ A bot is an individual machine that is under the control of bot herders. The attacker acts as a central party who can command every bot to perform simultaneous and coordinated criminal actions. The botnet is a large-scale attack since a bot herder can control millions of bots at a time. All the botnets can receive updates from the attacker to change their behavior in no time.

Answer:- When two users have the same password, it will result in the creation of the same password hashes. In such a case, an attacker can easily crack the password by performing a dictionary or brute-force attack. To avoid this, a salted hash is implemented. A salted hash is used to randomize hashes by prepending or appending a random string (salt) to the password before hashing. This results in the creation of two completely different hashes, which can be employed to protect the users’ passwords in the database against the attacker.