Answer:- Make sure to go through this question as it is one of the important interview questions. Implementing CI and CD pipelines ensures quality and reliable code. Azure pipelines are there to ensure a secure, easy, and quick way to automate processes for project development as well as their availability. They are completely free for use in public projects and cost-effective for private ones (free 30 hours per month). Below are a few reasons for using CI/CD and Azure pipelines: • Supports any platform or language • Enables work with open-source project> • Building on Windows, Mac, and Linux machines • Enables simultaneous deployment to various types of a target • Integration with GitHub and Azure deployments

Answer:- The answer is the introduction of a new feed for the package. Packages that are hosted in Azure Artifacts, find storage in a feed. Sharing packages with higher scalability and according to requirements can be ensured by setting up permissions on the feed. These multiple feeds enable control of access to packages across four levels. These four levels of access are: • Owners • Readers • Contributors • Collaborators

Answer:- For such an application, the isolation of members of different project teams into different communication channels is the first criterion. Additionally, maintaining communication history in the concerned channels is necessary. Effective integration with Azure DevOps is also important for the application and allows one to add external suppliers and contractors to projects. The Microsoft teams have addressed these requirements through their offering of the right capabilities. Classifying teams allows the creation of different channels by users for the organization of communications according to the topic. Every channel can include a few to thousands of users. Microsoft Teams provides a guest access feature that allows the invitation of external people to join internal channels for the purpose of meetings, file sharing, and messaging. It helps in B2B project management and can also directly integrate with Azure DevOps.

Answer:- The appropriate option, in this case, is Application Map in Azure Application Insights. This is because it helps in identifying the performance bottlenecks as well as the failure hotspots in different components of the multi-tier applications. Application components and the related dependencies are represented by the nodes on the map. Furthermore, it is also capable of providing the status for health KPI and alerts.

Answer:- Selecting “Run PMD” in a Maven build task will do the trick. PMD is a source code analyzer that is capable of identifying common programming errors like unnecessary object creation, unused variables, and empty code blocks. An Apache Maven PMD Plugin will automatically run the tool on a project’s source code and the detailed code error results are provided on the site report.

Answer:- The integration of Azure DevOps and Bitbuckets requires a self-hosted agent and an external Git service connection. Since GitLab CI/CD is compatible with GitHub and Bitbucket. Instead of moving an entire project to GitLab, it is possible to connect the external repository. One can make use of GitLab CI/CD in this manner.

Answer:- Pair programming is an engineering practice of Extreme Programming Rules. It involves two programmers working on the same system and on the same design/code/algorithm. One programmer can be the driver and the other as the observer and constantly monitor the progress of a project and identify problems. The roles can be removed at any moment without prior intimation.

Answer:- Most multinational organizations define OpenStack as the future of Cloud Computing. The Internet and large volumes of data together have instigated the purpose of cloud computing, and OpenStack is one such platform to create and handle massive groups of virtual machines through a Graphical User Interface. It is a set of efficient software tools to manage private and public cloud computing platforms. Openstack is free, open-source software and works similar to Linux.

Answer:- Openstack is useful in developing any software-as-a-service (SAAS) applications, for new developments or to improve existing solutions. • Can serve as a strong foundation to deliver self-service storage to IT users. • Can deliver on-demand objective or block storage with higher scalability and easy-to-handle storage at lower costs. • Most enterprises can save bigger on licensing fees by switching virtual machines running on VMware to OpenStack.

Answer:- • Horizon: the only GUI in OpenStack; the first component administrators see and get an idea of the current operations in the cloud. • Nova: chief computing engine to handle multiple virtual machines and computing tasks • Swift: reliable and robust storage system for files and objects helping developers to refer to a unique identifier and Openstack decides where to store the info. • Cinder: similar to traditional computer storage system, it is a block storage system in OpenStack for accessing files at faster speed. • Neutron: ensures efficient connectivity between components during deployment. • Keystone: a central identity list of all OpenStack cloud users and provides various mapping techniques to access methods against Keystone. • Glance: image service provider where images are the virtual copies of hard disks. Allows using the images as templates during deployment of new instances. • Ceilometer: component providing billings services and other telemetry services to cloud users. Maintains an account of component system usage by each user. • Heat (Orchestration Engine): Allows developers to orchestrate/illustrate and store the cloud application requirements and resources needed in a file, thereby maintaining the cloud infrastructure.

Answer:- OpenStack Cloud Operating system supports two types of storage: Persistent Storage: Persistent and independent of any particular instance, created by users. This further includes three storages: • Object storage: to access binary objects through the REST API. • Block storage: offers access-to-block storage devices by affixing volumes their current VM instances. • Shared File System storage: provides a set of services to manage multiple files together for storage and exchange with multiple users at one time. Ephemeral Storage: Referring to a single instance. As the name suggests, these storage options are temporary and short-lived and disappear once the VM is terminated.

Answer:- Users can be members of multiple projects Tenant is a group of users and an alternative term for Project/accounts where projects are organizational units in cloud processing Role is the position to which a user is mapped (the authorization level). Roles are usually assigned to project-user duos.

Answer:- Keystone is the most important and preferred Identity Service in OpenStack and executes the complete OpenStack Identity API. The Keystone Identity Service is responsible for user management and service catalog. In user management, it tracks users and their permissions while Service Catalog offers a list of services available with their API. The former provides authentication credential details of users, tenants and roles. Internal services like Token and Policy are also part of Keystone Identity

Answer:- Flat Network Manager: This places all VMs on a single network utilizing the same subnet and bridge as created by the administrator. Thus, all VMs share the same network that can be interconnected and are known to have a Flat Network Manager. • Flat DHCP Network Manager: Much similar to the above except that the IP addresses to VM are assigned via DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). • VLAN: Unlike the single network concept, VLAN facilitates a more secure and separate network for VMs. It has a physical switch to offer a separate virtual network and separate IP range and bridge for each tenant. This is indeed most preferable choice for a multi-tenant/project environment.